Tích phân bất định

Tích phân bất định là một loại toán giải tích tìm tích phân của hàm số trong một miền không xác định . Phép toán tìm diện tích dưới hình hàm số

$\int f(x)dx=\lim _{\Delta x\rightarrow 0}\sum (f(x)+{\frac {\Delta f(x)}{2}})\Delta x=F(x)+C$

Luật toán tích phân bất định

Quy luật	Công thức	Điều kiện
1	$\int a\,dx=ax$
2 Homogeniety	$\int af(x)\,dx=a\int f(x)\,dx$
3 Associativity	$\int {\left(f\pm g\pm h\pm \cdots \right)\,dx}=\int f\,dx\pm \int g\,dx\pm \int h\,dx\pm \cdots$
4 Integration by Parts	$\int _{a}^{b}fg'\,dx=\left[fg\right]_{a}^{b}-\int _{a}^{b}gf'\,dx$
4 General Integration by Parts	$\int f^{(n)}g\,dx=f^{(n-1)}g'-f^{(n-2)}g''+\ldots +(-1)^{n}\int fg^{(n)}\,dx$
5	$\int f(ax)\,dx={\frac {1}{a}}\int f(x)\,dx$
6 Substitution Rule	$\int g\{f(x)\}\,dx=\int g(u){\frac {dx}{du}}\,du=\int {\frac {g(u)}{f'(x)}}\,du$	$u=f(x)\,$
7	$\int x^{n}\,dx={\frac {x^{n+1}}{n+1}}$	$n\neq -1\,$
8	$\int {\frac {1}{x}}\,dx=\ln |x|$
9	$\int e^{x}\,dx=e^{x}$
10	$\int a^{x}\,dx={\frac {a^{x}}{\ln |a|}}$	$a\neq 1$

Công thức toán tích phân bất định

Tích Phân Hàm Số Thường

	Integral	Value	Remarks
1	$\int c\,dx$	$cx+C\,$
2	$\int x^{n}\,dx$	${\frac {x^{n+1}}{n+1}}+C$	$n\neq -1$
3	$\int {\frac {1}{x}}\,dx$	$\ln {\left|x\right|}+C$
4	$\int {1 \over {a^{2}+x^{2}}}\,dx$	${1 \over a}\arctan {x \over a}+C$
5	$\int {1 \over {\sqrt {a^{2}-x^{2}}}}\,dx$	$\arcsin {x \over a}+C$
6	$\int {-1 \over {\sqrt {a^{2}-x^{2}}}}\,dx$	$\arccos {x \over a}+C$
7	$\int {1 \over x{\sqrt {x^{2}-a^{2}}}}\,dx$	${1 \over a}{\mbox{arcsec}}\,{|x| \over a}+C$
8	$\int \ln {x}\,dx$	$x\ln {x}-x+C\,$
9	$\int \log _{b}{x}\,dx$	$x\log _{b}{x}-x\log _{b}{e}+C\,$
10	$\int e^{x}\,dx$	$e^{x}+C\,$
11	$\int a^{x}\,dx$	${\frac {a^{x}}{\ln {a}}}+C$
12	$\int \sin {x}\,dx$	$-\cos {x}+C\,$
13	$\int \cos {x}\,dx$	$\sin {x}+C\,$
14	$\int \tan {x}\,dx$	$-\ln {\left|\cos {x}\right|}+C\,$
15	$\int \cot {x}\,dx$	$\ln {\left|\sin {x}\right|}+C\,$
16	$\int \sec {x}\,dx$	$\ln {\left|\sec {x}+\tan {x}\right|}+C\,$
17	$\int \csc {x}\,dx$	$-\ln {\left|\csc {x}+\cot {x}\right|}+C\,$
18	$\int \sec ^{2}x\,dx$	$\tan x+C\,$
19	$\int \csc ^{2}x\,dx$	$-\cot x+C\,$
20	$\int \sec {x}\,\tan {x}\,dx$	$\sec {x}+C\,$
21	$\int \csc {x}\,\cot {x}\,dx$	$-\csc {x}+C\,$
22	$\int \sin ^{2}x\,dx$	${\frac {1}{2}}(x-\sin x\cos x)+C\,$
23	$\int \cos ^{2}x\,dx$	${\frac {1}{2}}(x+\sin x\cos x)+C\,$
24	$\int \sin ^{n}x\,dx$	$-{\frac {\sin ^{n-1}{x}\cos {x}}{n}}+{\frac {n-1}{n}}\int \sin ^{n-2}{x}\,dx$
25	$\int \cos ^{n}x\,dx$	$-{\frac {\cos ^{n-1}{x}\sin {x}}{n}}+{\frac {n-1}{n}}\int \cos ^{n-2}{x}\,dx$
26	$\int \arctan {x}\,dx$	$x\,\arctan {x}-{\frac {1}{2}}\ln {\left|1+x^{2}\right|}+C$
27	$\int \sinh x\,dx$	$\cosh x+C\,$
28	$\int \cosh x\,dx$	$\sinh x+C\,$
29	$\int \tanh x\,dx$	$\ln |\cosh x|+C\,$
30	$\int {\mbox{csch}}\,x\,dx$	$\ln \left|\tanh {x \over 2}\right|+C$
31	$\int {\mbox{sech}}\,x\,dx$	$\arctan(\sinh x)+C\,$
32	$\int \coth x\,dx$	$\ln |\sinh x|+C\,$

Tích Phân Hàm Số Hyperboly

Dưới đây là danh sách tích phân với hàm hypebolic.

$\int \sinh cx\,dx={\frac {1}{c}}\cosh cx$

$\int \cosh cx\,dx={\frac {1}{c}}\sinh cx$

$\int \sinh ^{2}cx\,dx={\frac {1}{4c}}\sinh 2cx-{\frac {x}{2}}$

$\int \cosh ^{2}cx\,dx={\frac {1}{4c}}\sinh 2cx+{\frac {x}{2}}$

$\int \sinh ^{n}cx\,dx={\frac {1}{cn}}\sinh ^{n-1}cx\cosh cx-{\frac {n-1}{n}}\int \sinh ^{n-2}cx\,dx\qquad {\mbox{( }}n>0{\mbox{)}}$

hay: $\int \sinh ^{n}cx\,dx={\frac {1}{c(n+1)}}\sinh ^{n+1}cx\cosh cx-{\frac {n+2}{n+1}}\int \sinh ^{n+2}cx\,dx\qquad {\mbox{( }}n<0{\mbox{, }}n\neq -1{\mbox{)}}$

$\int \cosh ^{n}cx\,dx={\frac {1}{cn}}\sinh cx\cosh ^{n-1}cx+{\frac {n-1}{n}}\int \cosh ^{n-2}cx\,dx\qquad {\mbox{( }}n>0{\mbox{)}}$

hay: $\int \cosh ^{n}cx\,dx=-{\frac {1}{c(n+1)}}\sinh cx\cosh ^{n+1}cx-{\frac {n+2}{n+1}}\int \cosh ^{n+2}cx\,dx\qquad {\mbox{( }}n<0{\mbox{, }}n\neq -1{\mbox{)}}$

$\int {\frac {dx}{\sinh cx}}={\frac {1}{c}}\ln \left|\tanh {\frac {cx}{2}}\right|$

hay: $\int {\frac {dx}{\sinh cx}}={\frac {1}{c}}\ln \left|{\frac {\cosh cx-1}{\sinh cx}}\right|$

hay: $\int {\frac {dx}{\sinh cx}}={\frac {1}{c}}\ln \left|{\frac {\sinh cx}{\cosh cx+1}}\right|$

hay: $\int {\frac {dx}{\sinh cx}}={\frac {1}{c}}\ln \left|{\frac {\cosh cx-1}{\cosh cx+1}}\right|$

$\int {\frac {dx}{\cosh cx}}={\frac {2}{c}}\arctan e^{cx}$

$\int {\frac {dx}{\sinh ^{n}cx}}={\frac {\cosh cx}{c(n-1)\sinh ^{n-1}cx}}-{\frac {n-2}{n-1}}\int {\frac {dx}{\sinh ^{n-2}cx}}\qquad {\mbox{( }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}$

$\int {\frac {dx}{\cosh ^{n}cx}}={\frac {\sinh cx}{c(n-1)\cosh ^{n-1}cx}}+{\frac {n-2}{n-1}}\int {\frac {dx}{\cosh ^{n-2}cx}}\qquad {\mbox{( }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}$

$\int {\frac {\cosh ^{n}cx}{\sinh ^{m}cx}}dx={\frac {\cosh ^{n-1}cx}{c(n-m)\sinh ^{m-1}cx}}+{\frac {n-1}{n-m}}\int {\frac {\cosh ^{n-2}cx}{\sinh ^{m}cx}}dx\qquad {\mbox{( }}m\neq n{\mbox{)}}$

hay: $\int {\frac {\cosh ^{n}cx}{\sinh ^{m}cx}}dx=-{\frac {\cosh ^{n+1}cx}{c(m-1)\sinh ^{m-1}cx}}+{\frac {n-m+2}{m-1}}\int {\frac {\cosh ^{n}cx}{\sinh ^{m-2}cx}}dx\qquad {\mbox{( }}m\neq 1{\mbox{)}}$

hay: $\int {\frac {\cosh ^{n}cx}{\sinh ^{m}cx}}dx=-{\frac {\cosh ^{n-1}cx}{c(m-1)\sinh ^{m-1}cx}}+{\frac {n-1}{m-1}}\int {\frac {\cosh ^{n-2}cx}{\sinh ^{m-2}cx}}dx\qquad {\mbox{( }}m\neq 1{\mbox{)}}$

$\int {\frac {\sinh ^{m}cx}{\cosh ^{n}cx}}dx={\frac {\sinh ^{m-1}cx}{c(m-n)\cosh ^{n-1}cx}}+{\frac {m-1}{m-n}}\int {\frac {\sinh ^{m-2}cx}{\cosh ^{n}cx}}dx\qquad {\mbox{( }}m\neq n{\mbox{)}}$

hay: $\int {\frac {\sinh ^{m}cx}{\cosh ^{n}cx}}dx={\frac {\sinh ^{m+1}cx}{c(n-1)\cosh ^{n-1}cx}}+{\frac {m-n+2}{n-1}}\int {\frac {\sinh ^{m}cx}{\cosh ^{n-2}cx}}dx\qquad {\mbox{( }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}$

hay: $\int {\frac {\sinh ^{m}cx}{\cosh ^{n}cx}}dx=-{\frac {\sinh ^{m-1}cx}{c(n-1)\cosh ^{n-1}cx}}+{\frac {m-1}{n-1}}\int {\frac {\sinh ^{m-2}cx}{\cosh ^{n-2}cx}}dx\qquad {\mbox{( }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}$

$\int x\sinh cx\,dx={\frac {1}{c}}x\cosh cx-{\frac {1}{c^{2}}}\sinh cx$

$\int x\cosh cx\,dx={\frac {1}{c}}x\sinh cx-{\frac {1}{c^{2}}}\cosh cx$

$\int \tanh cx\,dx={\frac {1}{c}}\ln |\cosh cx|$

$\int \coth cx\,dx={\frac {1}{c}}\ln |\sinh cx|$

$\int \tanh ^{n}cx\,dx=-{\frac {1}{c(n-1)}}\tanh ^{n-1}cx+\int \tanh ^{n-2}cx\,dx\qquad {\mbox{( }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}$

$\int \coth ^{n}cx\,dx=-{\frac {1}{c(n-1)}}\coth ^{n-1}cx+\int \coth ^{n-2}cx\,dx\qquad {\mbox{( }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}$

$\int \sinh bx\sinh cx\,dx={\frac {1}{b^{2}-c^{2}}}(b\sinh cx\cosh bx-c\cosh cx\sinh bx)\qquad {\mbox{( }}b^{2}\neq c^{2}{\mbox{)}}$

$\int \cosh bx\cosh cx\,dx={\frac {1}{b^{2}-c^{2}}}(b\sinh bx\cosh cx-c\sinh cx\cosh bx)\qquad {\mbox{( }}b^{2}\neq c^{2}{\mbox{)}}$

$\int \cosh bx\sinh cx\,dx={\frac {1}{b^{2}-c^{2}}}(b\sinh bx\sinh cx-c\cosh bx\cosh cx)\qquad {\mbox{( }}b^{2}\neq c^{2}{\mbox{)}}$

$\int \sinh(ax+b)\sin(cx+d)\,dx={\frac {a}{a^{2}+c^{2}}}\cosh(ax+b)\sin(cx+d)-{\frac {c}{a^{2}+c^{2}}}\sinh(ax+b)\cos(cx+d)$

$\int \sinh(ax+b)\cos(cx+d)\,dx={\frac {a}{a^{2}+c^{2}}}\cosh(ax+b)\cos(cx+d)+{\frac {c}{a^{2}+c^{2}}}\sinh(ax+b)\sin(cx+d)$

$\int \cosh(ax+b)\sin(cx+d)\,dx={\frac {a}{a^{2}+c^{2}}}\sinh(ax+b)\sin(cx+d)-{\frac {c}{a^{2}+c^{2}}}\cosh(ax+b)\cos(cx+d)$

$\int \cosh(ax+b)\cos(cx+d)\,dx={\frac {a}{a^{2}+c^{2}}}\sinh(ax+b)\cos(cx+d)+{\frac {c}{a^{2}+c^{2}}}\cosh(ax+b)\sin(cx+d)$

Tích Phân Hàm Số Hyperboly Ngược

Dưới đây là danh sách các tích phân với hàm hypebolic ngược.

$\int \mathrm {arsinh} \,{\frac {x}{c}}\,dx=x\,\mathrm {arsinh} \,{\frac {x}{c}}-{\sqrt {x^{2}+c^{2}}}$

$\int \mathrm {arcosh} \,{\frac {x}{c}}\,dx=x\,\mathrm {arcosh} \,{\frac {x}{c}}-{\sqrt {x^{2}-c^{2}}}$

$\int \mathrm {artanh} \,{\frac {x}{c}}\,dx=x\,\mathrm {artanh} \,{\frac {x}{c}}+{\frac {c}{2}}\ln |c^{2}-x^{2}|\qquad {\mbox{( }}|x|<|c|{\mbox{)}}$

$\int \mathrm {arcoth} \,{\frac {x}{c}}\,dx=x\,\mathrm {arcoth} \,{\frac {x}{c}}+{\frac {c}{2}}\ln |x^{2}-c^{2}|\qquad {\mbox{( }}|x|>|c|{\mbox{)}}$

$\int \mathrm {arsech} \,{\frac {x}{c}}\,dx=x\,\mathrm {arsech} \,{\frac {x}{c}}-c\,\mathrm {arctan} \,{\frac {x\,{\sqrt {\frac {c-x}{c+x}}}}{x-c}}\qquad {\mbox{( }}x\in (0,\,c){\mbox{)}}$

$\int \mathrm {arcsch} \,{\frac {x}{c}}\,dx=x\,\mathrm {arcsch} \,{\frac {x}{c}}+c\,\ln \,{\frac {x+{\sqrt {x^{2}+c^{2}}}}{c}}\qquad {\mbox{( }}x\in (0,\,c){\mbox{)}}$

Tích phân hàm số Logarit

Dưới đây là danh sách tích phân với hàm lôgarít.

Chú ý: bài này quy ước x>0.

$\int \ln cx\,dx=x\ln cx-x$

• $\int (\ln x)^{2}\;dx=x(\ln x)^{2}-2x\ln x+2x$

• $\int (\ln cx)^{n}\;dx=x(\ln cx)^{n}-n\int (\ln cx)^{n-1}dx$

• $\int {\frac {dx}{\ln x}}=\ln |\ln x|+\ln x+\sum _{i=2}^{\infty }{\frac {(\ln x)^{i}}{i\cdot i!}}$

• $\int {\frac {dx}{(\ln x)^{n}}}=-{\frac {x}{(n-1)(\ln x)^{n-1}}}+{\frac {1}{n-1}}\int {\frac {dx}{(\ln x)^{n-1}}}\qquad {\mbox{( }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}$

• $\int x^{m}\ln x\;dx=x^{m+1}\left({\frac {\ln x}{m+1}}-{\frac {1}{(m+1)^{2}}}\right)\qquad {\mbox{( }}m\neq -1{\mbox{)}}$

• $\int x^{m}(\ln x)^{n}\;dx={\frac {x^{m+1}(\ln x)^{n}}{m+1}}-{\frac {n}{m+1}}\int x^{m}(\ln x)^{n-1}dx\qquad {\mbox{( }}m\neq -1{\mbox{)}}$

• $\int {\frac {(\ln x)^{n}\;dx}{x}}={\frac {(\ln x)^{n+1}}{n+1}}\qquad {\mbox{( }}n\neq -1{\mbox{)}}$

• $\int {\frac {\ln x\,dx}{x^{m}}}=-{\frac {\ln x}{(m-1)x^{m-1}}}-{\frac {1}{(m-1)^{2}x^{m-1}}}\qquad {\mbox{( }}m\neq 1{\mbox{)}}$

• $\int {\frac {(\ln x)^{n}\;dx}{x^{m}}}=-{\frac {(\ln x)^{n}}{(m-1)x^{m-1}}}+{\frac {n}{m-1}}\int {\frac {(\ln x)^{n-1}dx}{x^{m}}}\qquad {\mbox{( }}m\neq 1{\mbox{)}}$

• $\int {\frac {x^{m}\;dx}{(\ln x)^{n}}}=-{\frac {x^{m+1}}{(n-1)(\ln x)^{n-1}}}+{\frac {m+1}{n-1}}\int {\frac {x^{m}dx}{(\ln x)^{n-1}}}\qquad {\mbox{( }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}$

• $\int {\frac {dx}{x\ln x}}=\ln |\ln x|$

• $\int {\frac {dx}{x^{n}\ln x}}=\ln |\ln x|+\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }(-1)^{i}{\frac {(n-1)^{i}(\ln x)^{i}}{i\cdot i!}}$

• $\int {\frac {dx}{x(\ln x)^{n}}}=-{\frac {1}{(n-1)(\ln x)^{n-1}}}\qquad {\mbox{( }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}$

• $\int \sin(\ln x)\;dx={\frac {x}{2}}(\sin(\ln x)-\cos(\ln x))$

• $\int \cos(\ln x)\;dx={\frac {x}{2}}(\sin(\ln x)+\cos(\ln x))$

Tích phân hàm số mũ

Dưới đây là danh sách các tích phân với hàm mũ.

$\int e^{cx}\;dx={\frac {1}{c}}e^{cx}$

$\int a^{cx}\;dx={\frac {1}{c\ln a}}a^{cx}\qquad {\mbox{( }}a>0,{\mbox{ }}a\neq 1{\mbox{)}}$

$\int xe^{cx}\;dx={\frac {e^{cx}}{c^{2}}}(cx-1)$

$\int x^{2}e^{cx}\;dx=e^{cx}\left({\frac {x^{2}}{c}}-{\frac {2x}{c^{2}}}+{\frac {2}{c^{3}}}\right)$

$\int x^{n}e^{cx}\;dx={\frac {1}{c}}x^{n}e^{cx}-{\frac {n}{c}}\int x^{n-1}e^{cx}dx$

$\int {\frac {e^{cx}\;dx}{x}}=\ln |x|+\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(cx)^{i}}{i\cdot i!}}$

$\int {\frac {e^{cx}\;dx}{x^{n}}}={\frac {1}{n-1}}\left(-{\frac {e^{cx}}{x^{n-1}}}+c\int {\frac {e^{cx}}{x^{n-1}}}\,dx\right)\qquad {\mbox{( }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}$

$\int e^{cx}\ln x\;dx={\frac {1}{c}}e^{cx}\ln |x|-\operatorname {Ei} \,(cx)$

$\int e^{cx}\sin bx\;dx={\frac {e^{cx}}{c^{2}+b^{2}}}(c\sin bx-b\cos bx)$

$\int e^{cx}\cos bx\;dx={\frac {e^{cx}}{c^{2}+b^{2}}}(c\cos bx+b\sin bx)$

$\int e^{cx}\sin ^{n}x\;dx={\frac {e^{cx}\sin ^{n-1}x}{c^{2}+n^{2}}}(c\sin x-n\cos x)+{\frac {n(n-1)}{c^{2}+n^{2}}}\int e^{cx}\sin ^{n-2}x\;dx$

$\int e^{cx}\cos ^{n}x\;dx={\frac {e^{cx}\cos ^{n-1}x}{c^{2}+n^{2}}}(c\cos x+n\sin x)+{\frac {n(n-1)}{c^{2}+n^{2}}}\int e^{cx}\cos ^{n-2}x\;dx$

$\int xe^{cx^{2}}\;dx={\frac {1}{2c}}\;e^{cx^{2}}$

$\int {1 \over \sigma {\sqrt {2\pi }}}\,e^{-{(x-\mu )^{2}/2\sigma ^{2}}}\;dx={\frac {1}{2\sigma }}(1+{\mbox{erf}}\,{\frac {x-\mu }{\sigma {\sqrt {2}}}})$

$\int e^{x^{2}}\,dx=e^{x^{2}}\left(\sum _{j=0}^{n-1}c_{2j}\,{\frac {1}{x^{2j+1}}}\right)+(2n-1)c_{2n-2}\int {\frac {e^{x^{2}}}{x^{2n}}}\;dx\quad (n>0),$

với $c_{2j}={\frac {1\cdot 3\cdot 5\cdots (2j-1)}{2^{j+1}}}={\frac {2j\,!}{j!\,2^{2j+1}}}\ .$

$\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-ax^{2}}\,dx={\sqrt {\pi \over a}}$

$\int _{0}^{\infty }x^{2n}e^{-{x^{2}}/{a^{2}}}\,dx={\sqrt {\pi }}{(2n)! \over {n!}}{\left({\frac {a}{2}}\right)}^{2n+1}$

Tích phân hàm số lượng giác

Tích phân hàm số sine

$\int \sin ax\;dx=-{\frac {1}{a}}\cos ax+C\,\!$

$\int \sin ^{2}{ax}\;dx={\frac {x}{2}}-{\frac {1}{4a}}\sin 2ax+C={\frac {x}{2}}-{\frac {1}{2a}}\sin ax\cos ax+C\!$

$\int x\sin ^{2}{ax}\;dx={\frac {x^{2}}{4}}-{\frac {x}{4a}}\sin 2ax-{\frac {1}{8a^{2}}}\cos 2ax+C\!$

$\int x^{2}\sin ^{2}{ax}\;dx={\frac {x^{3}}{6}}-\left({\frac {x^{2}}{4a}}-{\frac {1}{8a^{3}}}\right)\sin 2ax-{\frac {x}{4a^{2}}}\cos 2ax+C\!$

$\int \sin b_{1}x\sin b_{2}x\;dx={\frac {\sin((b_{1}-b_{2})x)}{2(b_{1}-b_{2})}}-{\frac {\sin((b_{1}+b_{2})x)}{2(b_{1}+b_{2})}}+C\qquad {\mbox{(for }}|b_{1}|\neq |b_{2}|{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int \sin ^{n}{ax}\;dx=-{\frac {\sin ^{n-1}ax\cos ax}{na}}+{\frac {n-1}{n}}\int \sin ^{n-2}ax\;dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n>0{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int {\frac {dx}{\sin ax}}={\frac {1}{a}}\ln \left|\tan {\frac {ax}{2}}\right|+C$

$\int {\frac {dx}{\sin ^{n}ax}}={\frac {\cos ax}{a(1-n)\sin ^{n-1}ax}}+{\frac {n-2}{n-1}}\int {\frac {dx}{\sin ^{n-2}ax}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n>1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int x\sin ax\;dx={\frac {\sin ax}{a^{2}}}-{\frac {x\cos ax}{a}}+C\,\!$

$\int x^{n}\sin ax\;dx=-{\frac {x^{n}}{a}}\cos ax+{\frac {n}{a}}\int x^{n-1}\cos ax\;dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n>0{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int _{\frac {-a}{2}}^{\frac {a}{2}}x^{2}\sin ^{2}{\frac {n\pi x}{a}}\;dx={\frac {a^{3}(n^{2}\pi ^{2}-6)}{24n^{2}\pi ^{2}}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n=2,4,6...{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int {\frac {\sin ax}{x}}dx=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{n}{\frac {(ax)^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)\cdot (2n+1)!}}+C\,\!$

$\int {\frac {\sin ax}{x^{n}}}dx=-{\frac {\sin ax}{(n-1)x^{n-1}}}+{\frac {a}{n-1}}\int {\frac {\cos ax}{x^{n-1}}}dx\,\!$

$\int {\frac {dx}{1\pm \sin ax}}={\frac {1}{a}}\tan \left({\frac {ax}{2}}\mp {\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)+C$

$\int {\frac {x\;dx}{1+\sin ax}}={\frac {x}{a}}\tan \left({\frac {ax}{2}}-{\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)+{\frac {2}{a^{2}}}\ln \left|\cos \left({\frac {ax}{2}}-{\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)\right|+C$

$\int {\frac {x\;dx}{1-\sin ax}}={\frac {x}{a}}\cot \left({\frac {\pi }{4}}-{\frac {ax}{2}}\right)+{\frac {2}{a^{2}}}\ln \left|\sin \left({\frac {\pi }{4}}-{\frac {ax}{2}}\right)\right|+C$

$\int {\frac {\sin ax\;dx}{1\pm \sin ax}}=\pm x+{\frac {1}{a}}\tan \left({\frac {\pi }{4}}\mp {\frac {ax}{2}}\right)+C$

• Tích phân bất định cosine

$\int \cos ax\;dx={\frac {1}{a}}\sin ax+C\,\!$

$\int \cos ^{n}ax\;dx={\frac {\cos ^{n-1}ax\sin ax}{na}}+{\frac {n-1}{n}}\int \cos ^{n-2}ax\;dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n>0{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int x\cos ax\;dx={\frac {\cos ax}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {x\sin ax}{a}}+C\,\!$

$\int \cos ^{2}{ax}\;dx={\frac {x}{2}}+{\frac {1}{4a}}\sin 2ax+C={\frac {x}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2a}}\sin ax\cos ax+C\!$

$\int x^{2}\cos ^{2}{ax}\;dx={\frac {x^{3}}{6}}+\left({\frac {x^{2}}{4a}}-{\frac {1}{8a^{3}}}\right)\sin 2ax+{\frac {x}{4a^{2}}}\cos 2ax+C\!$

$\int x^{n}\cos ax\;dx={\frac {x^{n}\sin ax}{a}}-{\frac {n}{a}}\int x^{n-1}\sin ax\;dx\,\!$

$\int {\frac {\cos ax}{x}}dx=\ln |ax|+\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }(-1)^{k}{\frac {(ax)^{2k}}{2k\cdot (2k)!}}+C\,\!$

$\int {\frac {\cos ax}{x^{n}}}dx=-{\frac {\cos ax}{(n-1)x^{n-1}}}-{\frac {a}{n-1}}\int {\frac {\sin ax}{x^{n-1}}}dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int {\frac {dx}{\cos ax}}={\frac {1}{a}}\ln \left|\tan \left({\frac {ax}{2}}+{\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)\right|+C$

$\int {\frac {dx}{\cos ^{n}ax}}={\frac {\sin ax}{a(n-1)\cos ^{n-1}ax}}+{\frac {n-2}{n-1}}\int {\frac {dx}{\cos ^{n-2}ax}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n>1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int {\frac {dx}{1+\cos ax}}={\frac {1}{a}}\tan {\frac {ax}{2}}+C\,\!$

$\int {\frac {dx}{1-\cos ax}}=-{\frac {1}{a}}\cot {\frac {ax}{2}}+C\,\!$

$\int {\frac {x\;dx}{1+\cos ax}}={\frac {x}{a}}\tan {\frac {ax}{2}}+{\frac {2}{a^{2}}}\ln \left|\cos {\frac {ax}{2}}\right|+C$

$\int {\frac {x\;dx}{1-\cos ax}}=-{\frac {x}{a}}\cot {\frac {ax}{2}}+{\frac {2}{a^{2}}}\ln \left|\sin {\frac {ax}{2}}\right|+C$

$\int {\frac {\cos ax\;dx}{1+\cos ax}}=x-{\frac {1}{a}}\tan {\frac {ax}{2}}+C\,\!$

$\int {\frac {\cos ax\;dx}{1-\cos ax}}=-x-{\frac {1}{a}}\cot {\frac {ax}{2}}+C\,\!$

$\int \cos a_{1}x\cos a_{2}x\;dx={\frac {\sin(a_{1}-a_{2})x}{2(a_{1}-a_{2})}}+{\frac {\sin(a_{1}+a_{2})x}{2(a_{1}+a_{2})}}+C\qquad {\mbox{(for }}|a_{1}|\neq |a_{2}|{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

• Tích phân bất địnhtangent

$\int \tan ax\;dx=-{\frac {1}{a}}\ln |\cos ax|+C={\frac {1}{a}}\ln |\sec ax|+C\,\!$

$\int \tan ^{n}ax\;dx={\frac {1}{a(n-1)}}\tan ^{n-1}ax-\int \tan ^{n-2}ax\;dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int {\frac {dx}{q\tan ax+p}}={\frac {1}{p^{2}+q^{2}}}(px+{\frac {q}{a}}\ln |q\sin ax+p\cos ax|)+C\qquad {\mbox{(for }}p^{2}+q^{2}\neq 0{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int {\frac {dx}{\tan ax}}={\frac {1}{a}}\ln |\sin ax|+C\,\!$

$\int {\frac {dx}{\tan ax+1}}={\frac {x}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2a}}\ln |\sin ax+\cos ax|+C\,\!$

$\int {\frac {dx}{\tan ax-1}}=-{\frac {x}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2a}}\ln |\sin ax-\cos ax|+C\,\!$

$\int {\frac {\tan ax\;dx}{\tan ax+1}}={\frac {x}{2}}-{\frac {1}{2a}}\ln |\sin ax+\cos ax|+C\,\!$

$\int {\frac {\tan ax\;dx}{\tan ax-1}}={\frac {x}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2a}}\ln |\sin ax-\cos ax|+C\,\!$

• Tích phân bất địnhonly secant

$\int \sec {ax}\,dx={\frac {1}{a}}\ln {\left|\sec {ax}+\tan {ax}\right|}+C$

$\int \sec ^{n}{ax}\,dx={\frac {\sec ^{n-1}{ax}\sin {ax}}{a(n-1)}}\,+\,{\frac {n-2}{n-1}}\int \sec ^{n-2}{ax}\,dx\qquad {\mbox{ (for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int \sec ^{n}{x}\,dx={\frac {\sec ^{n-2}{x}\tan {x}}{n-1}}\,+\,{\frac {n-2}{n-1}}\int \sec ^{n-2}{x}\,dx$

$\int {\frac {dx}{\sec {x}+1}}=x-\tan {\frac {x}{2}}+C$

• Tích phân bất định cosecant

$\int \csc {ax}\,dx={\frac {1}{a}}\ln {\left|\csc {ax}-\cot {ax}\right|}+C$

$\int \csc ^{2}{x}\,dx=-\cot {x}+C$

$\int \csc ^{n}{ax}\,dx=-{\frac {\csc ^{n-1}{ax}\cos {ax}}{a(n-1)}}\,+\,{\frac {n-2}{n-1}}\int \csc ^{n-2}{ax}\,dx\qquad {\mbox{ (for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

• Tích phân bất định cotangent

$\int \cot ax\;dx={\frac {1}{a}}\ln |\sin ax|+C\,\!$

$\int \cot ^{n}ax\;dx=-{\frac {1}{a(n-1)}}\cot ^{n-1}ax-\int \cot ^{n-2}ax\;dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int {\frac {dx}{1+\cot ax}}=\int {\frac {\tan ax\;dx}{\tan ax+1}}\,\!$

$\int {\frac {dx}{1-\cot ax}}=\int {\frac {\tan ax\;dx}{\tan ax-1}}\,\!$

• Tích phân bất địnhsine and cosine

$\int {\frac {dx}{\cos ax\pm \sin ax}}={\frac {1}{a{\sqrt {2}}}}\ln \left|\tan \left({\frac {ax}{2}}\pm {\frac {\pi }{8}}\right)\right|+C$

$\int {\frac {dx}{(\cos ax\pm \sin ax)^{2}}}={\frac {1}{2a}}\tan \left(ax\mp {\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)+C$

$\int {\frac {dx}{(\cos x+\sin x)^{n}}}={\frac {1}{n-1}}\left({\frac {\sin x-\cos x}{(\cos x+\sin x)^{n-1}}}-2(n-2)\int {\frac {dx}{(\cos x+\sin x)^{n-2}}}\right)$

$\int {\frac {\cos ax\;dx}{\cos ax+\sin ax}}={\frac {x}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2a}}\ln \left|\sin ax+\cos ax\right|+C$

$\int {\frac {\cos ax\;dx}{\cos ax-\sin ax}}={\frac {x}{2}}-{\frac {1}{2a}}\ln \left|\sin ax-\cos ax\right|+C$

$\int {\frac {\sin ax\;dx}{\cos ax+\sin ax}}={\frac {x}{2}}-{\frac {1}{2a}}\ln \left|\sin ax+\cos ax\right|+C$

$\int {\frac {\sin ax\;dx}{\cos ax-\sin ax}}=-{\frac {x}{2}}-{\frac {1}{2a}}\ln \left|\sin ax-\cos ax\right|+C$

$\int {\frac {\cos ax\;dx}{\sin ax(1+\cos ax)}}=-{\frac {1}{4a}}\tan ^{2}{\frac {ax}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2a}}\ln \left|\tan {\frac {ax}{2}}\right|+C$

$\int {\frac {\cos ax\;dx}{\sin ax(1+-\cos ax)}}=-{\frac {1}{4a}}\cot ^{2}{\frac {ax}{2}}-{\frac {1}{2a}}\ln \left|\tan {\frac {ax}{2}}\right|+C$

$\int {\frac {\sin ax\;dx}{\cos ax(1+\sin ax)}}={\frac {1}{4a}}\cot ^{2}\left({\frac {ax}{2}}+{\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)+{\frac {1}{2a}}\ln \left|\tan \left({\frac {ax}{2}}+{\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)\right|+C$

$\int {\frac {\sin ax\;dx}{\cos ax(1-\sin ax)}}={\frac {1}{4a}}\tan ^{2}\left({\frac {ax}{2}}+{\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)-{\frac {1}{2a}}\ln \left|\tan \left({\frac {ax}{2}}+{\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)\right|+C$

$\int \sin ax\cos ax\;dx={\frac {1}{2a}}\sin ^{2}ax+C\,\!$

$\int \sin a_{1}x\cos a_{2}x\;dx=-{\frac {\cos(a_{1}+a_{2})x}{2(a_{1}+a_{2})}}-{\frac {\cos(a_{1}-a_{2})x}{2(a_{1}-a_{2})}}+C\qquad {\mbox{(for }}|a_{1}|\neq |a_{2}|{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int \sin ^{n}ax\cos ax\;dx={\frac {1}{a(n+1)}}\sin ^{n+1}ax+C\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq -1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int \sin ax\cos ^{n}ax\;dx=-{\frac {1}{a(n+1)}}\cos ^{n+1}ax+C\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq -1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int \sin ^{n}ax\cos ^{m}ax\;dx=-{\frac {\sin ^{n-1}ax\cos ^{m+1}ax}{a(n+m)}}+{\frac {n-1}{n+m}}\int \sin ^{n-2}ax\cos ^{m}ax\;dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m,n>0{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

also: $\int \sin ^{n}ax\cos ^{m}ax\;dx={\frac {\sin ^{n+1}ax\cos ^{m-1}ax}{a(n+m)}}+{\frac {m-1}{n+m}}\int \sin ^{n}ax\cos ^{m-2}ax\;dx\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m,n>0{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int {\frac {dx}{\sin ax\cos ax}}={\frac {1}{a}}\ln \left|\tan ax\right|+C$

$\int {\frac {dx}{\sin ax\cos ^{n}ax}}={\frac {1}{a(n-1)\cos ^{n-1}ax}}+\int {\frac {dx}{\sin ax\cos ^{n-2}ax}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int {\frac {dx}{\sin ^{n}ax\cos ax}}=-{\frac {1}{a(n-1)\sin ^{n-1}ax}}+\int {\frac {dx}{\sin ^{n-2}ax\cos ax}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int {\frac {\sin ax\;dx}{\cos ^{n}ax}}={\frac {1}{a(n-1)\cos ^{n-1}ax}}+C\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int {\frac {\sin ^{2}ax\;dx}{\cos ax}}=-{\frac {1}{a}}\sin ax+{\frac {1}{a}}\ln \left|\tan \left({\frac {\pi }{4}}+{\frac {ax}{2}}\right)\right|+C$

$\int {\frac {\sin ^{2}ax\;dx}{\cos ^{n}ax}}={\frac {\sin ax}{a(n-1)\cos ^{n-1}ax}}-{\frac {1}{n-1}}\int {\frac {dx}{\cos ^{n-2}ax}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int {\frac {\sin ^{n}ax\;dx}{\cos ax}}=-{\frac {\sin ^{n-1}ax}{a(n-1)}}+\int {\frac {\sin ^{n-2}ax\;dx}{\cos ax}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int {\frac {\sin ^{n}ax\;dx}{\cos ^{m}ax}}={\frac {\sin ^{n+1}ax}{a(m-1)\cos ^{m-1}ax}}-{\frac {n-m+2}{m-1}}\int {\frac {\sin ^{n}ax\;dx}{\cos ^{m-2}ax}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

also: $\int {\frac {\sin ^{n}ax\;dx}{\cos ^{m}ax}}=-{\frac {\sin ^{n-1}ax}{a(n-m)\cos ^{m-1}ax}}+{\frac {n-1}{n-m}}\int {\frac {\sin ^{n-2}ax\;dx}{\cos ^{m}ax}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m\neq n{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

also: $\int {\frac {\sin ^{n}ax\;dx}{\cos ^{m}ax}}={\frac {\sin ^{n-1}ax}{a(m-1)\cos ^{m-1}ax}}-{\frac {n-1}{m-1}}\int {\frac {\sin ^{n-2}ax\;dx}{\cos ^{m-2}ax}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int {\frac {\cos ax\;dx}{\sin ^{n}ax}}=-{\frac {1}{a(n-1)\sin ^{n-1}ax}}+C\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

$\int {\frac {\cos ^{2}ax\;dx}{\sin ax}}={\frac {1}{a}}\left(\cos ax+\ln \left|\tan {\frac {ax}{2}}\right|\right)+C$

$\int {\frac {\cos ^{2}ax\;dx}{\sin ^{n}ax}}=-{\frac {1}{n-1}}\left({\frac {\cos ax}{a\sin ^{n-1}ax)}}+\int {\frac {dx}{\sin ^{n-2}ax}}\right)\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}$

$\int {\frac {\cos ^{n}ax\;dx}{\sin ^{m}ax}}=-{\frac {\cos ^{n+1}ax}{a(m-1)\sin ^{m-1}ax}}-{\frac {n-m-2}{m-1}}\int {\frac {\cos ^{n}ax\;dx}{\sin ^{m-2}ax}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

also: $\int {\frac {\cos ^{n}ax\;dx}{\sin ^{m}ax}}={\frac {\cos ^{n-1}ax}{a(n-m)\sin ^{m-1}ax}}+{\frac {n-1}{n-m}}\int {\frac {\cos ^{n-2}ax\;dx}{\sin ^{m}ax}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m\neq n{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

also: $\int {\frac {\cos ^{n}ax\;dx}{\sin ^{m}ax}}=-{\frac {\cos ^{n-1}ax}{a(m-1)\sin ^{m-1}ax}}-{\frac {n-1}{m-1}}\int {\frac {\cos ^{n-2}ax\;dx}{\sin ^{m-2}ax}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}m\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

• Tích phân bất định sine and tangent

$\int \sin ax\tan ax\;dx={\frac {1}{a}}(\ln |\sec ax+\tan ax|-\sin ax)+C\,\!$

$\int {\frac {\tan ^{n}ax\;dx}{\sin ^{2}ax}}={\frac {1}{a(n-1)}}\tan ^{n-1}(ax)+C\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

• Tích phân bất định cosine and tangent

$\int {\frac {\tan ^{n}ax\;dx}{\cos ^{2}ax}}={\frac {1}{a(n+1)}}\tan ^{n+1}ax+C\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq -1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

• Tích phân bất định sine and cotangent

$\int {\frac {\cot ^{n}ax\;dx}{\sin ^{2}ax}}={\frac {1}{a(n+1)}}\cot ^{n+1}ax+C\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq -1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

• Tích phân bất địnhcosine and cotangent

$\int {\frac {\cot ^{n}ax\;dx}{\cos ^{2}ax}}={\frac {1}{a(1-n)}}\tan ^{1-n}ax+C\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

• Tích phân bất định

$\int _{-c}^{c}\sin {x}\;dx=0\!$

$\int _{-c}^{c}\cos {x}\;dx=2\int _{0}^{c}\cos {x}\;dx=2\int _{-c}^{0}\cos {x}\;dx=2\sin {c}\!$

$\int _{-c}^{c}\tan {x}\;dx=0\!$

$\int _{\frac {-a}{2}}^{\frac {a}{2}}x^{2}\cos ^{2}{\frac {n\pi x}{a}}\;dx={\frac {a^{3}(n^{2}\pi ^{2}-6)}{24n^{2}\pi ^{2}}}\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n=1,3,5...{\mbox{)}}\,\!$

Tích phân hàm lượng giác ngược

Dưới đây là danh sách các tích phân với hàm lượng giác ngược.

$\int \arcsin {\frac {x}{c}}\,dx=x\arcsin {\frac {x}{c}}+{\sqrt {c^{2}-x^{2}}}$

$\int x\arcsin {\frac {x}{c}}\,dx=\left({\frac {x^{2}}{2}}-{\frac {c^{2}}{4}}\right)\arcsin {\frac {x}{c}}+{\frac {x}{4}}{\sqrt {c^{2}-x^{2}}}$

$\int x^{2}\arcsin {\frac {x}{c}}\,dx={\frac {x^{3}}{3}}\arcsin {\frac {x}{c}}+{\frac {x^{2}+2c^{2}}{9}}{\sqrt {c^{2}-x^{2}}}$

$\int x^{n}\sin ^{-1}x\,dx={\frac {1}{n+1}}\left(x^{n+1}\sin ^{-1}x\right.$

$\left.+{\frac {x^{n}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}-nx^{n-1}\sin ^{-1}x}{n-1}}+n\int x^{n-2}\sin ^{-1}x\,dx\right)$

$\int \arccos {\frac {x}{c}}\,dx=x\arccos {\frac {x}{c}}-{\sqrt {c^{2}-x^{2}}}$

$\int x\arccos {\frac {x}{c}}\,dx=\left({\frac {x^{2}}{2}}-{\frac {c^{2}}{4}}\right)\arccos {\frac {x}{c}}-{\frac {x}{4}}{\sqrt {c^{2}-x^{2}}}$

$\int x^{2}\arccos {\frac {x}{c}}\,dx={\frac {x^{3}}{3}}\arccos {\frac {x}{c}}-{\frac {x^{2}+2c^{2}}{9}}{\sqrt {c^{2}-x^{2}}}$

$\int \arctan {\frac {x}{c}}\,dx=x\arctan {\frac {x}{c}}-{\frac {c}{2}}\ln(c^{2}+x^{2})$

$\int x\arctan {\frac {x}{c}}\,dx={\frac {c^{2}+x^{2}}{2}}\arctan {\frac {x}{c}}-{\frac {cx}{2}}$

$\int x^{2}\arctan {\frac {x}{c}}\,dx={\frac {x^{3}}{3}}\arctan {\frac {x}{c}}-{\frac {cx^{2}}{6}}+{\frac {c^{3}}{6}}\ln {c^{2}+x^{2}}$

$\int x^{n}\arctan {\frac {x}{c}}\,dx={\frac {x^{n+1}}{n+1}}\arctan {\frac {x}{c}}-{\frac {c}{n+1}}\int {\frac {x^{n+1}dx}{c^{2}+x^{2}}}\qquad {\mbox{( }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}$

$\int \operatorname {arcsec} {\frac {x}{c}}\,dx=x\operatorname {arcsec} {\frac {x}{c}}+{\frac {x}{c|x|}}\ln {|x\pm {\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}|}$

$\int x\operatorname {arcsec} {x}\,dx\,=\,{\frac {1}{2}}\left(x^{2}\operatorname {arcsec} {x}-{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}\right)$

$\int x^{n}\operatorname {arcsec} {x}\,dx\,=\,{\frac {1}{n+1}}\left(x^{n+1}\operatorname {arcsec} {x}-{\frac {1}{n}}\left(x^{n-1}{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}\;\right.\right.$

$\left.\left.+(1-n)\left(x^{n-1}\operatorname {arcsec} {x}+(1-n)\int x^{n-2}\operatorname {arcsec} {x}\,dx\right)\right)\right)$

$\int \mathrm {arccot} \,{\frac {x}{c}}\,dx=x\,\mathrm {arccot} \,{\frac {x}{c}}+{\frac {c}{2}}\ln(c^{2}+x^{2})$

$\int x\,\mathrm {arccot} \,{\frac {x}{c}}\,dx={\frac {c^{2}+x^{2}}{2}}\,\mathrm {arccot} \,{\frac {x}{c}}+{\frac {cx}{2}}$

$\int x^{2}\,\mathrm {arccot} \,{\frac {x}{c}}\,dx={\frac {x^{3}}{3}}\,\mathrm {arccot} \,{\frac {x}{c}}+{\frac {cx^{2}}{6}}-{\frac {c^{3}}{6}}\ln(c^{2}+x^{2})$

$\int x^{n}\,\mathrm {arccot} \,{\frac {x}{c}}\,dx={\frac {x^{n+1}}{n+1}}\,\mathrm {arccot} \,{\frac {x}{c}}+{\frac {c}{n+1}}\int {\frac {x^{n+1}dx}{c^{2}+x^{2}}}\qquad {\mbox{( }}n\neq 1{\mbox{)}}$